ساختواژه پایه
در زبان انگلیسی پیشوندها و پسوندهای بسیاری وجود دارند که به کلمه اضافه میشوند و معنا یا نوع کلمه را تغییر میدهند. رایجترین آنها به شرح زیر توضیح داده شدهاند و باقی آنها در فرهنگ واژگان ذکر گردیدهاند.
ساخت فعل
پسوندهای -ize و -ify میتوانند به بسیاری از اسمها و صفتها اضافه شوند و فعل بسازند، مانندِ:
Adjective/Noun | -ize | Verb |
American | -ize | Americanize |
legal | -ize | legalize |
modern | -ize | modernize |
popular | -ize | popularize |
مثال:
They want to make the factory more modern. They want to modernize the factory.
Adjective/Noun | -ify | Verb |
beauty | -ify | beautify |
false | -ify | falsify |
pure | -ify | purify |
simple | -ify | simplify |
مثال:
These tablets make the water pure. They purify the water.
ساخت قید
پسوند -ly میتواند به اغلب صفتها اضافه شود و قید بسازد، مانندِ
Adjective | -ly | Adverb |
easy | -ly | easily |
main | -ly | mainly |
quick | -ly | quickly |
stupid | -ly | stupidly |
مثال:
His behaviour was stupid. He behaved stupidly.
ساخت اسم
پسوندهای -er ، -ment و -ation میتوانند به بسیاری از فعلها اضافه شوند و اسم بسازند، مانندِ:
Verb | -er | Noun |
drive | -er | driver |
fasten | -er | fastener |
open | -er | opener |
teach | -er | teacher |
مثال:
John drives a bus. He is a bus driver. A can opener is a tool for opening cans.
Verb | -ment | Noun |
amaze | -ment | amazement |
develop | -ment | development |
pay | -ment | payment |
retire | -ment | retirement |
مثال:
Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick.
Verb | -ation | Noun |
admire | -ation | admiration |
associate | -ation | association |
examine | -ation | examination |
organize | -ation | organization |
مثال:
The doctor examined me carefully. He gave me a careful examination.
پسوندهای -ity و -ness میتواند به اغلب صفتها اضافه شود و اسم بسازد، مانندِ:
Adjective | -ity | Noun |
cruel | -ity | cruelty |
odd | -ity | oddity |
pure | -ity | purity |
stupid | -ity | stupidity |
مثال:
Don’t be so cruel. I hate cruelty.
Adjective | -ness | Noun |
dark | -ness | darkness |
deaf | -ness | deafness |
happy | -ness | happiness |
kind | -ness | kindness |
مثال:
It was very dark. The darkness made it impossible to see.
ساخت صفت
پسوندهای -y ، -ic ، -ical ، -ful و -less میتوانند به بسیاری از اسمها اضافه شوند و صفت بسازند، مانندِ:
Noun | -y | Adjective |
bush | -y | bushy |
dirt | -y | dirty |
hair | -y | hairy |
smell | -y | smelly |
مثال:
There was an awful smell in the room. The room was very smelly.
Noun | -ic | Adjective |
atom | -ic | atomic |
poetry | -ic | poetic |
Noun | -ical | Adjective |
biology | -ical | biological |
grammar | -ical | grammatical |
مثال:
This book contains exercises on grammar. It contains grammatical exercises.
Noun | -ful | Adjective |
pain | -ful | painful |
hope | -ful | hopeful |
care | -ful | careful |
مثال:
His broken leg caused him a lot of pain. It was very painful.
Noun | -less | Adjective |
pain | -less | painless |
hope | -less | hopeless |
care | -less | careless |
مثال:
The operation didn’t cause her any pain. It was painless.
پسوند-able میتواند به اغلب فعلها اضافه شود و صفت بسازد، مانندِ:
Verb | -able | Adjective |
wash | -able | washable |
love | -able | lovable |
debate | -able | debatable |
break | -able | breakable |
مثال:
You can wash this coat. It’s washable.
متضادها
پیشوندهای un- ، in- ، im- ، il- ، ir- ، dis- ، de- و non- میتوانند به بسیاری از کلمات اضافه شوند و معنای متضادی ایجاد کنند. البته کلمات حاصله همیشه متضاد دقیق نیست و ممکن است معنای متفاوت داشته باشد.
un- | word | opposite |
un- | happy | unhappy |
un- | fortunate | unfortunate |
un- | wind | unwind |
un- | block | unblock |
مثال:
I’m not very happy. In fact I’m very unhappy.
| word | opposite |
in- | efficient | inefficient |
im- | possible | impossible |
il- | literate | illiterate |
ir- | regular | irregular |
مثال:
It’s just not possible to do that, it’s impossible.
dis- | word | opposite |
dis- | agree | disagree |
dis- | approve | disapprove |
dis- | honest | dishonest |
مثال:
I don’t agree with everything you said. I disagree with the last part.
de- | word | opposite |
de- | centralize | decentralize |
de- | increase | decrease |
de- | ascend | descend |
de- | inflate | deflate |
مثال:
Increase means to make or become larger in amount or number.
Decrease means to make or become smaller in amount or number.
non- | word | opposite |
non- | sense | nonsense |
non- | payment | non-payment |
non- | resident | non-resident |
non- | conformist | nonconformist |
مثال:
The hotel serves meals to residents (=people who are staying in the hotel) only.
Non-residents are not allowed in.